Kamis, 23/12/2010 14:58 WIB

Vera Farah Bararah - detikHealth

Papua Nugini, Ketika orang dari Suku Fore di Papua Nugini (Papua New Guinea) meninggal tubuhnya akan dipotong-potong oleh keluarganya. Daging dari orang yang sudah meninggal ini sangat dihargai sebagai makanan untuk menghormatinya.

Tapi bukan berarti suku Fore kanibal atau membunuh sesama manusia, tapi karena kebudayaan proses pemakaman suku Fore.

Ketika orang Fore meninggal tubuhnya akan dipotong-potong oleh keluarga yang meninggal dari pihak ibu. Perempuan akan mengiris tangan dan kaki, otot strip dari tulang dan mengeluarkan otak serta organ internalnya.

"Daging dari orang yang sudah meninggal ini sangat dihargai sebagai makanan sejak daging tersebut menyerupai lapisan lemak babi, sehingga masyarakat mengonsumsinya," ujar Shirley Lindenbaum, salah seorang peneliti awal penyakit Kuru, seperti dikutip dari Healthmad, Kamis (23/12/2010).

Rupanya dari sinilah penyakit langka ini berasal. Penyakit langka di dunia ini akibat mengonsumsi otak manusia yang terinfeksi, yang dinamakan penyakit Kuru.

Penyakit aneh ini biasanya dimulai dengan kehilangan koordinasi sehingga membuatnya goyah saat berjalan, lalu diikuti dengan gejala lainnya seperti timbul tremor, sakit kepala, nyeri sendi, kehilangan nafsu makan serta perubahan suasana hati yang parah.

Perubahan suasana hati yang parah ini seperti rasa marah yang secara seketika berubah menjadi serangan tawa yang menakutkan. Tawa seram dan mengganggu ini mendorong orang-orang Fore menyebutnya sebagai penyakit aneh Kuru.

Dalam bahasa inggris arti Kuru secara kasar diterjemahkan sebagai The Sickness Laughing. Sebagian besar orang suku mengira ia menderita penyakit mental atau disangka mengalami kutukan.

Semakin hari semakin banyak suku Fore yang meninggal. Pada tahun 1957 hingga 5 tahun ke depan sekitar 1.000 orang meninggal akibat penyakit Kuru, sehingga menjadi endemik. Setelah melakukan banyak penelitian ditemukan orang yang menderita penyakit ini mirip dengan penyakit sapi gila atau Bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Tapi sapi gila ditularkan akibat mengonsumsi otak dan jaringan tulang belakang sapi yang sudah terinfeksi. Sedangkan untuk penyakit Kuru disebabkan oleh mengonsumsi jaringan otak manusia yang terinfeksi oleh prion (protein atau partikel yang menyerang). Kondisi ini disebabkan oleh kebiasaan suku Fore yang kanibal atau mengonsumsi daging manusia.

Umumnya perempuan suku Fore memiliki kesempatan lebih besar tertular penyakit ini dibanding laki-laki. Hal ini karena perempuan biasanya mengonsumsi potongan dari jaringan otak, sedangkan laki-laki tidak.

Selain itu ada beberapa alasan lain yang membuat perempuan lebih sering mengonsumsi otak, yaitu karena laki-laki mengambil potongan daging pilihan sehingga perempuan mau tidak mau harus mengonsumsi otak atau karena otak dianggap sebagai makanan yang lebih lezat sehingga dikonsumsi oleh perempuan yang menyiapkan makanan.

Meski demikian perempuan memang memiliki kontak lebih lama dengan darah dan jaringan dari otak lainnya ketika ia menyiapkan makanan, sehingga memiliki risiko terinfeksi akibat luka terbuka yang dimilikinya.

Ciri khas dari penyakit ini adalah adanya gumpalan molekul protein di dalam otak. Masa inkubasi dari penyakit ini panjang, sehingga dibutuhkan waktu beberapa tahun setelah infeksi awal hingga timbulnya gejala. Tidak ada pengobatan untuk penyakit ini, dan salah satu cara untuk mencegahnya adalah menghentikan praktik kanibalisme.

Karenanya sebuah kampanye mendidik skala besar dilakukan untuk memberantas penyakit aneh ini serta memberikan tindakan keras terhadap kebiasaan mengonsumsi anggota tubuh suku Fore yang sudah meninggal. Saat ini penyakit Kuru dianggap sudah benar-benar punah
(ver/ir)

Selasa, 28/09/2010 15:20 WIB

AN Uyung Pramudiarja - detikHealth

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Jakarta, Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) membekukan izin edar 3 obat diabetes karena dapat meningkatkan risiko serangan jantung. Namun pasien diimbau tidak takut berobat karena masih banyak obat diabetes lain yang aman.

Himbauan tersebut disampaikan Dr dr Dante Saksono Harbuwono, SpPD, pakar diabetes dan penyakit kardiovaskular dari Universitas Indonesia dalam jumpa pers di Hotel Nikko Jakarta, Selasa (28/9/2010).

"Yang kami khawatirkan dari isu ini adalah terjadi salah pengertian di masyarakat, seolah-olah semua obat diabetes berbahaya. Akibatnya mereka takut berobat, lalu beralih ke alternatif," ungkap Dr Dante yang merupakan ketua panitia 19th Jakarta Diabetes Meeting 2010.

Menurutnya, pengobatan alternatif akan sulit dikontrol karena sebagian besar belum terbukti khasiatnya. Berbagai penelitian tentang herbal, akupunktur, akupresur dan terapi alternatif lainnya hingga kini belum ada yang benar-benar memberikan efek yang signifikan.

Karena itu Dr Dante menganjurkan agar pasien tetap menggunakan obat moderen yang keamanan dan kemanjurannya lebih terjamin. Toh, di antara berbagai jenis obat diabetes modern, ada juga yang dikembangkan dari herbal misalnya metformin.

Sedangkan mengenai penarikan maupun pembekuan izin edar sebuah produk obat, menurutnya hal itu sering terjadi jika ditemukan ada efek samping yang tidak sebanding dengan manfaatnya. Dalam hal ini, efek samping dari Avandia yang terkandung dalam 3 obat diabetes yang izin edarnya dibekukan BPOM sudah menjadi perhatian sejak tahun 2005.

Dilansir dari AP, efek samping tersebut terungkap pertama kali tahun 2007 dalam sebuah publikasi yang ditulis Dr Steven Nissen di New England Journal of Medicine. Dilaporkan, Avandia dapat meningkatkan risiko serangan jantung sebanyak 43 persen.

Sejak saat itu, FDA mewajibkan pencantuman mark peringatan khusus di setiap kemasan Avandia yang beredar di Amerika. Baru akhirnya pada 2010, FDA tegas membatasi dengan sangat ketat penjualannya sementara European Medicine Agency (EMA) mengambil langkah lebih tegas dengan melarang peredarannya.

Di Indonesia, BPOM mengikuti langkah tersebut pada September 2010 lewat surat keputusan tentang pembekuan izin edar 3 obat dengan bahan aktif Avandia. Ketiganya adalah Avandia, Avandaryl dan Avandamet, semuanya buatan perusahaan Belgia, GlaxoSmithKline.

(up/ir)

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(Health.com) -- Young children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are roughly four times more likely than their peers to become depressed or attempt suicide in later childhood, a new study suggests.

Researchers followed 125 children with ADHD for up to 14 years beginning at ages 4 to 6, and compared them with a similar group of children without ADHD. Thirty-nine percent of the children with ADHD were also found to have depression during the study period, versus 8 percent in the control group.

The risk for depression increased if the child demonstrated symptoms and behaviors that are distinct from -- but often occur alongside -- ADHD, such as anxiety, defiance, hostility, bullying, and fighting. The risk for depression was also more pronounced if the child's mother had a history of depression.

Health.com: How to recognize the symptoms of depression

"The only children with ADHD who were not at increased risk for depression were those without a depressed mother and who exhibited very few symptoms of other types of mental health problems," says the senior author of the study, Benjamin Lahey, Ph.D., a psychologist and professor of epidemiology at the University of Chicago. "That is only a small proportion of children with ADHD."

ADHD also increased the risk of suicide attempts. Roughly 18 percent of the kids with ADHD attempted suicide at least once during the study, compared with 6 percent of the kids in the control group. (None were successful, fortunately.)

Children who were primarily hyperactive and impulsive appeared to be at greatest risk, which suggests that impulsivity may play a role in suicidal behavior, the researchers say.

Girls were at greater risk than boys for both depression and suicide attempts, but there weren't enough girls in the study to draw firm conclusions about gender, according to the authors.

Health.com: How to spot the warning signs of suicide

The study appears in the Archives of General Psychiatry.

ADHD is estimated to affect 4.4 million children in the U.S. and has been shown to raise the risk for academic and social difficulties, employment problems, and even brushes with the law later in life.

But, this study is the first to examine the risk factors for depression in very young children with ADHD, and the first to follow children for an extended period of time. Experts have long suspected an ADHD-depression link in childhood, but the research to date has been inconclusive.

"This study adds more data to the notion that early manifestations of hyperactivity and impulsivity...are not necessarily benign," says Dr. Benedetto Vitiello, M.D., chief of the research branch dedicated to child and adolescent treatment and prevention at the National Institute of Mental Health, which funded the study.

Health.com: Quiz: Do you have adult ADHD?

But the children in the study aren't necessarily typical of all children with ADHD, says Rafael Klorman, Ph.D., a professor of psychology at the University of Rochester Medical Center, in New York. It's relatively uncommon for ADHD to be identified in children as young as 4, he clarifies, and kids who get a diagnosis at that age tend to have more severe symptoms.

"These kids were diagnosed earlier, which means that the researchers have a sample with especially higher severity," Klorman says. "They may be getting the high end of the spectrum."

Parents should not "panic and reckon their children with ADHD are destined for depression or suicide," Lahey says. But, he adds, if parents are concerned that their child is showing symptoms of ADHD or depression, they should consult a mental health professional and consider family therapy.

Health.com: What if my child starts to exhibit symptoms of ADHD?

More research is needed to identify effective interventions that can lower the chances of depression in high-risk kids with ADHD, Vitiello says, echoing Lahey and his colleagues.

Early intervention and treatment are vital, as the risk of depression and other health problems associated with ADHD can last well into adulthood. Previous studies have estimated that anywhere from 16 percent to 37 percent of adults with ADHD have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder or dysthymia, a milder form of depression.

And in another new study, which appears in the Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, researchers at New York University report that teenagers with ADHD are about twice as likely to have problems with alcohol and drugs in their 30s than those without the disorder.

Health.com: Adult ADHD and substance use

But, the risk seems mainly due to the overlap between ADHD and conduct disorder, a related condition that's characterized by physical aggression and delinquent behavior, such as stealing and vandalism. The teens who did not show signs of conduct disorder did not appear to be at increased risk for substance abuse, the study found.

Both ADHD and conduct disorder may be an early warning sign for alcohol and drug problems, the researchers suggest.

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Copyright Health Magazine 2010

Sumber: detikhealth.com&majalahkesehatan.com

Selasa, 28/09/2010 14:17 WIB

Merry Wahyuningsih - detikHealth

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Sao Paulo, Brazil, Sulit dipercaya bila ada pisau tertancap di kepala selama 3 tahun, tapi hal tersebut benar-benar terjadi pada seorang pria asal Brasil. Pisau sepanjang 4 inci atau sekitar 10 cm tertancap di kepalanya dan baru dioperasi 3 tahun kemudian.

Edeilson Nascimento (29 tahun), seorang tukang reparasi ban dari Brasil, adalah pria yang mengalami peristiwa ajaib tersebut. Kini ia sudah mulai pulih setelah operasi untuk mengangkat pisau sepanjang 10 cm dari kepalanya.

Pisau tersebut sudah ada di kepalanya sejak 3 tahun yang lalu karena peristiwa perkelahian di bar. Setelah perkelahian pada tahun 2007, dokter sudah berusaha untuk mencabut pisau tersebut, gagang pisau terlepas tetapi mata pisau sepanjang 10 cm tetap tertancap di kepalanya.

Sebelumnya, dokter bedah sempat khawatir operasi tersebut dapat menyebabkan kerusakan otak. Oleh karena itu, pisau tidak langsung dikeluarkan dari kepala sesaat setelah serangan.

Meskipun operasi disertai dengan risiko, namun Nascimento sangat ingin melakukannya setelah menderita sakit kepala selama 3 tahun terakhir.

"Lokasi pisau yang berada di bagian bawah lobus frontal memungkinkan Nascimento terhindar dari risiko berat akibat pisau itu," jelas Dr Warren R. Selman, Ketua Departemen bedah saraf di University Hospitals Case Medical Center, seperti dilansir dari Aolhealth, Selasa (28/9/2010).

Menurut Dr Selman, bagian otak tersebut bertanggung jawab untuk mengatur hal-hal kepribadian dan lainnya, tetapi bukan fungsi besar seperti motorik atau bicara.

Dr Selman yang tidak mengobati atau memeriksa Nascimento, setuju dengan keputusan awal untuk tetap meninggalkan pisau di kepalanya setelah serangan. "Pisau dapat memotong pembuluh darah bila langsung dicabut setelah serangan dan bisa sangat berakibat fatal," jelas Dr Selman.

Dr Selman mengatakan bahwa pisau tersebut hanya boleh dicabut setelah pasien dalam situasi terkendali. Terlebih lagi, harus ada ahli bedah saraf yang telah terlatih untuk melakukan pembedahan.

Kini, Nascimento masih dirawat di sebuah rumah sakit di kota Recife hingga minggu depan setelah menjalani operasi selama 3 jam.

(mer/ir)

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Selasa, 02/11/2010 17:00 WIB

AN Uyung Pramudiarja - detikHealth

Toronto, Tidak mudah untuk medeteksi kanker terutama saat masih berada pada stadium awal. Namun dengan memanfaatkan protein dalam ubur-ubur glow in the dark yang terkenal mengandung racun mematikan, kanker bisa dideteksi lebih awal.

Saat berenang di perairan gelap, ubur-ubur tampak menyala karena mengandung protein yang bersifat fluoresens atau dapat berpendar. Cahaya hijau yang dipancarkan itu tak hanya indah dipandang, tetapi juga menginspirasi ilmuwan Inggris untuk memanfaatkannya.

Professor Norman Maitland dari Yorkshire Cancer Research Laboratory berhasil mengisolasi protein tersebut di laboratorium York University dan menyuntikkannya pada sel kanker. Dengan kamera khusus, protein itu tampak berpendar saat bereaksi dengan sel-sel yang abnormal.

"Teknologi yang ada saat ini misalnya sinar-X sulit menembus jaringan apalagi masuk ke tulang, sehingga sulit mendeteksi kanker tulang berukuran mikroskopis. Protein ubur-ubur bisa membantu mengatasinya," ungkap Prof Norman seperti dikutip dari Sky News, Selasa (2/11/2010).

Ketika kamera diaktifkan, protein ubur-ubur yang akan selalu terikat pada sel kanker lebih mudah dideteksi karena warnanya yang berpendar. Prof Norman menyebut proses pemindaian dengan kamera khusus ini dengan istilah Virimaging, singkatan dari virus imaging.

Sesuai namanya, protein ubur-ubur tersebut memang dimasukkan ke dalam sel kanker dalam bentuk virus. Cara kerja virus tersebut sudah didesain agar hanya menyerang sel kanker sehingga dijamin tidak salah sasaran karena tidak menyerang jaringan yang sehat.

Meski sangat menjanjikan bagi penanganan kanker, Prof Norman mengaku masih butuh waktu kurang lebih 5 tahun ke depan agar teknologi ini bisa diterapkan untuk manusia. Saat ini uji coba yang dilakukannya masih terbatas pada skala laboratorium.

(up/ir)

Bullying is in our schools, and now it's online. Why do kids do it? What can be done to place an end to it? Don't miss an "AC360°" special report in collaboration with Cartoon Network: "Stop Bullying: Speak Up," starting Monday night at 10 ET on CNN.

(CNN) -- It's tough enough having to avoid products with peanuts and other ingredients as a kid with severe food allergies. It's tougher when someone at school waves a granola bar in your face at the peanut-free lunch table.

That's what happened last week to a Pennsylvania fifth-grader whose mother questioned that he not be identified. The boy had experienced allergic reactions to merely touching peanuts or breathing peanut particles in the past, so the act of granola-waving was more serious than for other allergy sufferers.

"He said [he was] frightened, and 'sad that he would do that to me,' and 'mad that he would do that to me,' and worried that it's going to happen again," the boy's mother said.

Are you being bullied at school? Share your tale

As the prevalence of food allergies grows in America, doctors are becoming more conscious of a disturbing trend in children getting picked on for not being able to eat certain foods.

According to a new study published in the Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, about 35 percent of children over age 5 with food allergies have experienced bullying, teasing or harassment. The study, which mostly surveys the parents of these children, said those negative social experiences, which included physical and verbal incidents, happened because of food allergies.

"The school has to really address it. It's not the child's job to take care of this problem, because there's already an imbalance of power," said study author Dr. Scott Sicherer, pediatric allergist at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York.

Gina Clowes, director of allergymoms.com and a coach for parents on food allergies, hears tales about food-allergic kids targeted by others in school all the time.

Eatocracy's lunchtime poll: The peanut butter ban

"They'll make fun of what they're eating," she said. "I don't know if it's innocent or malicious, but some kids will literally threaten them with the peanut, or 'I'm going to throw peanuts at you.' "

While bullying with regard to food allergies isn't all that different from bullying about other attributes, children with food allergies have an additional burden because they have the responsibility of taking care of themselves medically already, Clowes and Sicherer stressed.

"Here you have a child who already has to deal with not eating the same things as the other children; they already have to worry about is this meal safe for them; about having an allergic reaction," Sicherer said. "This is an additional problem of someone making it even harder on them."

The warning signs are similar to other forms of bullying, Clowes said: A child may appear sad, upset, withdrawn, nervous or say that he or she doesn't want to go to school. But parents should also look for changes in their kids' eating habits: They may come home with an untouched lunchbox, for example.

"I've had parents say kids go the entire day without eating because they're being made fun of for special foods," Clowes said.

The latest data from the Centers from Disease Control and Prevention show that about 3.9 percent of children younger than 18 in the United States have food allergies, representing an 18 percent increase from 1997 to 2007.

None of the incidents reported in the study resulted in allergic reactions, but the danger of them resulting in a perilous reaction is self-evident, the study authors wrote. The emotional toll is also fantastic. Common consequences included feelings of sadness or depression and embarrassment or humiliation.

This is the first study to address the scope of bullying as it relates to food allergies, the authors said. The information about allergic individuals came from 353 surveys, most of which were completed by parents who were attending various Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network conferences.

More children with food allergies may experience acts of bullying and other targeted negative behaviors than their peers, Sicherer said. A 2001 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development study found that about 17 percent of children in grades six to 10 reported being bullied. By comparison, 50 percent of kids in that age group in the food allergy study were reported to have experienced bullying, teasing or harassment.

The study had the limitation of obtaining most data from parents, rather than children themselves. On the other hand, some children likely do not report these incidents to their parents, meaning Sicherer and colleagues could have underestimated behaviors targeted at food-allergic children.

Parents should inform teachers and administrators straight away if an incident occurs, Clowes said.

Children should try to stay away from the person who has bullied them and stand by trusted friends, Sicherer said. Ultimately, it also takes intervention on someone else's part to speak to whomever is doing the bullying, so children should tell trusted adults what's going on, he said.

Dr. Stanley Fineman, a practicing allergist with the Atlanta Allergy & Asthma Clinic, said allergists don't normally question children if they've been bullied or harrassed, but that this study suggests they should. In his own practice, Fineman has heard of incidents such as a child eating peanut butter and then spitting on a peer. He will more regularly inquire about allergy-related incidents because of the new data, he said.

"We as physicians need to specifically question our patients directly what sort of bullying or harassment type situations have they had in school, because this is something that has not been on our radar screen as it probably should be," he said.

The Pennsylvania mother whose child got a granola bar waved in his face last week isn't worried about her son managing his allergies -- it's the other kids she's nervous about. The teachers at the school have been understanding, but she believes there needs to be more education that one person's allergy is not the same as another's -- and her son is particularly sensitive. She also dislikes that the school puts her son into a category called "peanut kids," who get a peanut-free table.

"It's very open, it's obvious who has a problem and what the problem is," she said. "Sometimes I don't reckon people know the severity of it."

Suatu penyelidikan oleh sekelompok pakar Jepang menyimpulkan bahwa jumlah kotoran tertahan yang berada di dalam tubuh seseorang yang sehat rata-rata seberat 3 sampai 5 kg. Kotoran yang tertahan yang melekat pada dinding usus dapat diserap oleh lapisan mukosa dan akhirnya akan mengalir ke hati, dan selanjutnya dapat mengakibatkan:

- Menghambat proses detoksifikasi

- Memperlambat proses metabolisme

- Keracunan dalam tubuh

Survei menunjukkan, 90% penyakit yang diderita manusia saat ini bermula dari usus besar (kolon), karena efek timbunan racun (toksin). Ditambah dengan pola makanan jaman sekarang yang sudah tercemar dengan berbagai zat-zat yang membahayakan tubuh manusia.